X-Ray Crystallography and Derivation of Braggs's law

These slides provide a brief information about X-ray Crystallography and its applications.

1. X-ray Crystallography Prepared By: Shihab Patel M.Pharm 1st Sem Q.A. Guided By: Dr. Falguni Tandel Head-Q.A. Department Parul Institute Of Pharmacy, Quality Assurance Department, Parul University.

2. CONTENTS: Production Of X Rays Different X Ray Methods Bragg‘s Law Rotating Crystal Technique X Ray Powder Technique Types Of Crystals Applications Of X-ray Diffraction. 26 February 2018 2

3. Production of X rays: 3

4. Picture Depicting An X-ray Tube Diagrammatic Representation of an X-ray Tube 26 February 2018 4

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6. METHODS OF X-RAY ANALYSIS XES - X ray Emission Spectroscopy AES - Auger Emission Spectroscopy XFS - X ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy ESCA - Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis X ray Absorption X ray Diffraction 6

7. BRAGG’S LAW: Figure : Diffraction Of X Rays From A Set Of Crystal Planes. Equation: m λ =2 d ⋅sin θ m is the order of diffraction, λ is the wavelength of x-rays, and moving electrons, protons and neutrons, d is the spacing between the planes in the atomic lattice and θ is the angle between the incident ray and the scattering planes. 26 February 2018 7

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9. ROTATING CRYSTAL TECHNIQUE In the rotating crystal method, a single crystal is mounted with an axis normal to a monochromatic x-ray beam. A cylindrical film is placed around it and the crystal is rotated about the chosen axis. As the crystal rotates, sets of lattice planes will at some point make the correct Bragg angle for  the monochromatic incident beam, and at that point a diffracted beam will be formed.   9

10. X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION 26 February 2018

11. Crystalline materials are characterized by orderly periodic arrangements of atoms. Parallel planes of atoms intersecting the unit cell are used to define directions and distances in a crystals. Diffraction occurs when each object in a periodic array scatters radiation coherently, producing constructive interference at specific angle. X-ray Diffraction Every crystalline substance would scatter the crystals in its own unique diffraction pattern. 26 February 2018 11

12. TYPES OF CRYSTALS Crystal Grouped by Lattices (Shape) Cubic or Isometric Tetragonal Orthorhombic Hexagonal Trigonal Triclinic Monoclinic Crystals Grouped by Properties Covalent Crystals Metallic Crystals Ionic Crystals Molecular Crystals 26 February 2018 12

13. Applications of X-ray diffraction Identification of single phase materials: Minerals, Chemical Compounds, etc. Identification of multiple phases in microcrystalline mixtures such as Rocks. Determine crystalline shape and size of substance. Particle size determination by spot counting method. 26 February 2018 13

14. K. Shinoda and Yoshio Waseda , X‑Ray Diffraction Crystallography: Introduction, Examples and Solved Problems REFERENCES Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7 th Edition. Page: 341-349 26 February 2018 14

15. THANK YOU