XAR701 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING Ar.R.KIRUTHIGA, Assistant Professor, FAP, PMIST

Course Objectives: 1. To give a introduction to the discipline Urban Regional planning. 2. To understand factors determined the form structure of human settlements in the modern age

1. XAR701 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING Ar.R.KIRUTHIGA , Assistant Professor, FAP, PMIST. 1

2. Course Objectives: To give an introduction to the discipline of Urban and Regional planning . To understand the factors that determined the form and structure of human settlements in the modern age. 2

3. Course Outcomes : Understand the origin, evolution and growth of settlements. Learn about planning theories by prominent planners. Understand the dynamics of Urban Form and various Human Settlements pattern Understand Planning process and techniques adopted at various levels. Study the planning concepts in planned cities. 3

4. UNIT – I : INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Elements of human settlement. Forms of human settlement, Growth factors of human settlement – functions, linkages, networks. Anatomy & classification of human settlements. Characteristics of human settlement at various phases of its growth stage. 4

5. Human Settlement : A  settlement  is an organized human habitation Settlement is a process of grouping of people and acquiring of some territory / terrain to build houses for shelter and to establish their occupational base for their economic support. Scale: Any form of human habitation ranging from single dwelling unit to a community, to a large city. Criteria: Process of settlement by the people on a previously uninhabited area Vancouver Declaration: Human settlements means the totality of the human community -whether city, town or village - with all the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that sustain it. Fabric of Human Settlement: The fabric of human settlements consists of  physical elements and services to which these elements provide the material support. Ekistics: Study/Science of Human Settlements . Early hunters settlement Early Greek settlement Early Indian Settlement - Simla Some important definitions and keywords:

6. Evolution of Human Settlement: Paleolithic Age Characterized by nomads and Hunters Shelter – Caves and Trees Mesolithic Age Characterized by nomads and hunters, cooked their food in outdoors Shelter – temporary huts ade of mammoth bones followed by wood, straw, rocks etc Neolithic Age Characterized by Farmers and herders, houses had hearth, cooked their food in indoors. Shelter – rectangular houses using tree trunks, woode beams with reed thatch coverings Elements of human settlements. Human beings and settlements.

7. That Extra Mile! Early shelters were mostly of wood base.. When did masonry construction actually start? After What historical incident?

8. Sequence of Evolution of early Human Settlements: 1 5 4 3 6 7 8 2

9. 1. Physical factors Nature of terrain : Dispersed type of settlements found in remote jungles, hilly areas. Compact settlements found in highly productive alluvial plains. Altitude: Dispersed settlements are found in hills of Meghalaya and clustered and semi clustered settlements are found in Gujarat plains. Climate: due to frequent droughts settlement may become hamlets. Availability of water: Scarcity of water in Rajasthan has resulted in development of compact settlements. 2. Cultural and ethnic factors Caste and tribal structure: due to ethnic factors settlement may become fragmented and Hamleted e.g.Chhattisgarh . Religion: people of same religion prefer to live together making a settlement large or small. 3. Security factors Defence from invasions and Wild animals: due to defence from dacoits, wild animals or fear settlements may cluster and form compact settlements. Compact Settlement – Rajasthan Hill Settlement – Meghalaya Factors Responsible For Different Types Of Settlements

10. “Dimensions increase and will continue to increase for a few generation and thus the most probable future in definable terms will mean a very large increase of population and energy in the city of Anthopos (man). This is the city where the whole mankind will live or tend to live.” C.A.DOXIADIS His Contribution: Doxiadis proposed a convenient way of organizing and mapping the components & relationships of elements within the human settlements realm. He suggested a Classificatory System_ a methodology to establish the hierarchical structure and links among elements of a system. Born 1913, comes from a family that played an important role in the settlement of Greek war refugees in between the two World Wars Worked Chief Town Planning Officer, Greater Athens Area (1937 - 1938). Head, Department of Regional and Town Planning, Ministry of Public Works, Greece (1939 - 1945). Major Projects In the application of his theories on Ekistics, C.A. Doxiadis studied, programmed, planned and designed, in collaboration with his colleagues, a great number of human settlements and other development projects. Elements of Human Settlements by Doxiadis :

11. Human beings and Settlements -nature, shells and network _ functions and linkages: EKISTICS _ FRAMEWORK What is ekistics? Ekistics is the science of human settlements; Ekistics refers to functions expressed in space by area of certain dimensions. In practice, Ekistics has set the goal of human happiness. Involves the study of all kinds of human settlements, with a view to geography , ecology , physical environment , human psychology, anthropology, cultural and political aspects, occasionally aesthetics Two classificatory dimensions : relative to scale, relative to man’s five environmental elements. First Dimension- Relative to Scale: Lower End- the individual, the room, and the dwelling; and increases in size all the way into the Other Extreme- Other Extreme- the city, the urban continent, and the "world-wide city"-- which he called an Ecumenopolis Ekistics framework: Dimensions of human settlements according to Doxiodis : Ekistics framework

12. Human beings and Settlements -nature, shells and network _ functions and linkages: EKISTICS Second Dimension- man's five Environmental Elements: Ekistics framework: Ekistics framework 1. Nature: Earth and natural site on which settlements are built 2. Man ( Anthropos ) (CULTURE): Creates and inhabits the Settlements 3. Society: Formed in a given settlement 4. Networks: Functions that allow settlements to survive and grow 5. Shells: Built to transform the first element and to house the other element

13. The first principle is maximization of man's potential contacts with the elements of nature (such as water and trees), with other people, and with the works of man (such as buildings and roads). The second principle is minimization of the effort required for the achievement of man's actual and potential contacts. The third principle is optimization of man's protective space, which means the selection of such a distance from other persons, animals, or objects that he can keep his Contacts with them (first principle) without any kind of Sensory Or Psychological discomfort. The fourth principle is optimization of the quality of man's relationship with his environment, which consists of nature, society, shells (buildings and houses of all sorts)and networks (ranging from roads to telecommunications). This is the principle that leads to order, physiology and aestheticS , and that influences art and architecture. The fifth principle , man organizes his settlements in an attempt to achieve an optimum synthesis of the other four principles, and this optimization is dependent on time and space, on actual conditions, and on man's ability to create a synthesis.

14. Human beings and Settlements -nature, shells and network _ functions and linkages: EKISTICS PRINCIPLES ( 5 NOS) - OUTCOME

15. Ekistics & other Disciplines: In the first five volumes of his book ekistics, , it is interesting to note that out of a total of 105 papers, 66 (or 62.9%) are papers in economics, mainly regional economic analysis. 6 papers(or 5.7%) are on geography, 16 (or 15.2%) on regional science Physical planning is represented by 6.7% political aspects by 3.8%, sociology by 3.8% and transportation by 1.9% From this it is quite clear that The center of gravity lies in ekistics.

16. Human beings and Settlements -nature, shells and network _ functions and linkages: EKISTICS _ ANALYSIS ANALYSIS: To achieve the centre of gravity on EKISTICS , we must clarify what we mean by cities. If we have the wrong conception -- for example, that cities are “all like the City of London _ densely built, small, traditional central parts of urban areas, or like city of New York _ multimillion people agglomerations with many skyscrapers”-- we cannot go very far. Preston in Lancashire presents the confusion created by the random development of cities in 19th century. In all these cases we fail, not because the cities of the future may not be like these prototypes, but because we approach our subject with preconceived ideas about numbers of people, physical size, buildings, and styles which are a major hindrance to the conception of the cities of the future.

17. According to Doxiadis , the greatest problem facing cities worldwide was the problem of managing growth. He proposed several solutions: To leave room for expansion of the city core. Limiting all buildings to three levels or less, with permission to build higher Separating automobile and pedestrian traffic completely. Constructing cities as a "beehive“ of cells each no bigger than 2 by 2 kilometers , the maximum comfortable distance for pedestrians To limit the number of roads on campus. All the educational buildings are interconnected to permit people to walk from one to the other. Courtyards provide a place for meetings between people. ANALYSIS: (continued) Central mall in a recently built shopping centre outside Los Angeles where pedestrians are able to move free of automobile traffic

18. VILLAGE in Pre Urban City in Beginning Urban Early dynapolis Metropolis:-Industrial Era Megalopolis (large political) Human beings and Settlements – EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT ( athens ) Dynapolis :-Industrial Era

19. Ecumenopolis : Settlement Of Future Ecumenopolis : As a Dead City Ecumenopolis : As City of Life One of the major problems is the great confusion created by a mixing of two elements — of man and machine—within the cities of the present. This confusion, which brings man and machine into conflict in all urban areas, has been resolved satisfactorily in favor of the machine only for major lines of transportation where man as a free agent has been completely separated from machine and has been confined within it.

20. Human beings and Settlements – EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT _ ARGUMENTS Are dimensions actually increasing? Is population growth a boon or a taboo to a society? Do we really need to have control measures to curtail this growth or rather use our intellect, which puts us at par viz a viz animals and other life forms? Why then cities still live, without succumbing to this devastating growth?

21. Long term planning - Needed to determine whether such lands are destined to become urban or not. But that ideal works only if the urban planning is for green field projects Since most urbanisation is not green field , are our policies encouraging this integration, or is development just chaotic? Today’s chaos may be more visible in Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad , Bengaluru , Chennai, Kolkatta & Hyderabad. Our modern day cities too can be planned in such a manner that limits are set to accommodate a certain population and city is buffered by an equal area of countryside before an another area is created. This equitable land distribution between the city and the village would be an inter complementary arrangement. Mega-cities interconnected with high speed transport with green fields in between. Integration, if at all necessary should be evolutionary and not enforced A city where the scale is within the horizon of the human mind . With the planner no longer planning the city since being overtaken by greedy politicians and Builders _ emergence of so called millennium which lack the minimum city like Gurgaon social facility is evident. Human beings and Settlements – EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT _ what lacks?

22. In spite of the continuing surgery, the dynamic city cannot be relieved of pressures; with more roads, more functions move in. The centre has to grow within the built-up area, and the dynamic city is choked to death The centre has to grow within the built-up area, and the dynamic city is choked to death. The garden cities were created outside the built-up area (a) in order to avoid its pressures, but later were absorbed by the dynamically expanding city (b). Human beings and Settlements – ARGUMENTS

23. HUMANBEINGS &SETTLEMENTS_APPLICATION OF DOXIADIS PRINCIPLES A CASE STUDY OF ISLAMABAD Islamabad was an idea to create a “City of the Future” with the concept of dynapolis ’, that is, a planned unidirectional linear city as the only solution to cope with the growth of an explosive urbanization era, relying on strong environmental elements and a synthesis of town planning and Architectural principles. National Park Unity Of Scale Sketch indicates growth of functions in the direction of the city's future expansion. Dynametropolis 3 Parts Of Metropolitan Area Landscape Pattern & Highways

24. The making of the plan of Islamabad is an investigation and anticipation into the landscape of the area chosen as project site for the new capital of Pakistan. The idea, concept and proto-form of ‘ Dynapolis ’, as conceived by Doxiadis , is bound to find its manifestation in Islamabad. The translation of dynapolis into a physical plan, guided by its proto-form, Landscape and the intuition of the architect is what is described as the making of the plan of Islamabad. Human scale re-established within the human community as in this one in Mosul, Iraq. Fully pedestrianised street Social planning Pedestrian and vehicle traffic

25. Human beings and Settlements – CONCLUSION The fact that the frame is extra-human does not mean that we cannot create a human scale within it. Man will have to create once more a human scale within an extra human frame, which has many inhuman parts. The key to the solution is the creation of the human community as a part of a much larger city. The problem, therefore, is reshaped as a problem of an organized Ecumenopolis , consisting of many human communities that will be its fundamental cells, interconnected by the tens, hundreds, thousands, and tens of thousands into major urban complexes that will be the parts of Ecumenopolis . In this way, what was a natural human community can be immensely enlarged into a human city. With proper organization of transportation and telecommunications networks, the extra-human scale of the large city can be turned into a human one and the inhuman conditions now existing in many parts of the city can be eliminated. Ecumenopolis , the unique city of man, will form a continuous, differentiated, but also unified texture consisting of many cells, the human communities.

26. Vital cities have marvellous innate abilities for understanding , communicating, contriving and inventing what is required to combat their difficulties. Perhaps the most striking example of this ability is the effect that big cities have had a disease. Cities were once the most helpless and devastated victims of disease, but they became great disease conquerors. All the apparatus of surgery, hygiene, public health measures, etc. which people not only in cities but also outside them depend upon for the unending wars against premature mortality are fundamentally products of big cities and would be inconceivable without big cities. The surplus wealth, the productivity, the close-grained juxtaposition of talents that permit society to support advances such as these are themselves products of our organization into cities, and especially into big and dense cities. Human beings and Settlements – WHY CITIES STILL LIVE?

27. Anatomy of human settlements

28. 1. Anatomy based on Settlement Types Broadly classified into two types based on occupation: 1.Rural settlements Sparsely populated and are mostly agricultural based 2. urban settlements   Densely populated and are mostly non-agricultural. 2. Anatomy based on arrangement of settlements Broadly classified into four types based on arrangement: 1. Shapeless cluster / nuclear without any regular street or with an irregular road which comes up according to the local requirements, it may be of the massive type and dispersed type. 2. Linear pattern with a straight and spacious street running network parallel rows of houses. 3. Square or rectangular grids with straight streets running parallel or at right angles to one another. 4. compact / dispersed Settlement formed of isolated or dispersed homestead Settlements and depends on the size of the settlement. May be centralised / radial. Urban settlement Rural settlement Anatomy (structure) of Human Settlements

29. 3. Anatomy based on Settlement Hierarchy (population) Isolated dwellings Such settlement consists of individual units. It can be termed as the initial stage of development of a settlement. An isolated dwelling would only have 1 or 2 buildings or families in it. Hamlets When many individual units are cluster together they form hamlets. The grouping may be due to similar occupational patterns, religion, cultural factors etc. A hamlet has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services Villages When many hamlets combine they form a village. The reason for such grouping may be due to interdependencies of one hamlet on another, thus to form a self- sufficient unit. Towns A town is a larger entity which is more self-sufficient, has a stronger economic base. Cities Where large concentration of people exists, multiple economic activities exist. Metropolis A metropolis is a large city, with a population of at least one million living in its urban agglomeration. Megalopolis An extensive, metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan areas.

30. Dynapolis Term coined by C.A. Doxiadis , used since the early fifties in his teaching and writing; meaning dynamic city or dynamic "polis." The ideal  dynapolis is the city with a parabolic uni -directional growth, which can expand in space, and time. Ecumenopolis The cities of the future - extra-human in dimension Whole earth will be covered by one human settlement. Ecumenopolis on the earth in the year 2120 is expected that the population of the earth will have leveled off at a minimum of 20,000,000,000 people, and the population of urban areas at a minimum of 18,000,000,000 people

31. Classification of human settlements- locational , resource based, population , size and occupational structure . CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS By Doxiodis By Ekistics Units By Ekistics Elements By Ekistics Functions By Evolutionary Phases By Factors & Disciplines

32. 1. Classification By Ekistics Units: Unit Range from Man to Ecumenopolis – has 4 basic groups. Also called Ekistics Logarithmic Scale ELS Four Basic Groups 1. Minor shells or elementary units Man( Anthropos ), room, house 2. Micro-settlements units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town where people used, do & still achieve interconnection by walking ( housegroup , small neighbourhood) 3. Meso -settlements between traditional town & conurbation within which one can commute daily (small polis, polis, small metropolis, small eperopolis , eperopolis ) 4. Macro-settlements whose largest possible expression is Ecumenopolis Physical and Social Units • Man (as individual)- smallest unit • Space- second unit personally owned/ shared with others • Family Home- third unit • Social Unit • Group of Homes PREDICTION: For the year 2100 at which time he estimated (in 1968) that earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of 50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy. Doxiadis ' Ideal Future Ekistic Units

33. Ekistics Units: Large City a city with large population & many services having less than 1 million but over 3 lakhs people. City a city with abundant but not with as many services as in a large city having over 1 lakh upto 3 lakhs people Large Town Population of 20,000 to 1 lakh . Town population of 1,000 to 20,000. Village population of 100 to 1000 Hamlet tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services & few buildings Isolated dwellings 1 or 2 buildings of families with negligible services, if any.

34. 2. Classification By Ekistics Elements: Nature: Earth and natural site on which settlements are built Man ( Anthropos ): Creates and inhabits the Settlements Society: Formed in a given settlement Networks: Functions that allow settlements to survive and grow Shells: Built to transform the first element and to house the other element Ekistics Units: Sphere of Influence and settlement Hierarchy: Sphere of influence is the area served by a particular settlement Range is the maximum distance that a man/ anthropos wishes to travel. Settlement hierarchy refers to the arrangement of settlements in the order of importance, usually from many dwelling units or hamlets in the base of the hierarchy to the conurbation. The order of importance is based on the following: The area and population of the settlement ( size) The range and number of services/ functions within each settlement The relative sphere of influence of each settlement.

35. 3. Classification By Ekistics Functions:

36. Residential Towns The main function of many settlements, today is to give people to live. People may live in one settlement and work in another. Administrative Towns National capitals, which have headquarters of administrative offices of central governments.Eg . New Delhi, Canberrra , Moscow, and Washington. Local authority offices run the local services, such as road maintenance and waste disposal. Industrial Towns Mining & manufacturing regions constitute industrial towns. “Old” Industrial towns tend to have following Features: -Found on or near coalfields -Has railways and canals for transport -Has housing and industry mixed in together -Newer industry is found on the outskirts, near main roads for transport In newer industrial towns planning ensures the housing and industry are located apart. Goods are manufactured in factories. Today many factories are located in business parks on the outskirts of settlements. Dhanbad and Khetri are examples of mining towns. Towns which have developed due to setting up industries such as Jameshdpur are called industrial towns. 3. Classification Of Human Settlements Based On Function:

37. Defence Towns Centres military activities are known as defence towns. They are of three types: Fort towns, Garrison towns and Naval bases. Jodhpur is fort town; Mhow is a garrison town; and Kochi is a naval bases. Commercial Towns Many old towns were famous as trade centres such as Lahore in Pakistan, Baghdad in Iraq and Agra in India. Some town are developed as transport towns such as Rotterdam in the Netherlands, Aden in Yemen and Mumbai in India are port towns. Shopping centres and recreation facilities, such as sports centres and cinemas, provide services for people Market Towns Market Towns tend to have following features Found on a fertile farming area Offer Many services e.g., shops and offices Good transport links – often they are route centres They may be the site of important bridges. Often mills were built on the river Market places in the town centre Port Towns Ports tend to have the following features Found where there are sheltered harbours Flat land for building on nearby Modern ports need deeper water for today’s larger ships Many ports have gone through a lot of development The largest ports are found where there is a major industrial area inland that needed a place to import and export its goods.

38. Seaside Resorts Seaside Resorts tend to have the following features Found on the coast with beaches Close to industrial areas with large populations, with good rail and road links On the sea-front are hotels and entertainments Guest houses found inland where the land is cheaper to buy Housing found further inlands, with industry on the outskirts Caravan, camp-sites and golf courses also on the edge of town, but near the coast Promenades – pedestrianized roads along the front of the resort Cultural Towns Towns famous for religious, educational or recreational functions are called cultural towns. Places of pilgrimage, such as Jerusalem, Mecca, JagannathPuri and Varanasi etc. are considered ass religious towns. There are also recreational towns such as Las Vegas in the USA.

39. Classification Of Human Settlements Based On Occupational Structure Besides population size, occupation is also taken as the criteria. In India, if more than 75% of workforce is engaged in non-agricultural activities then the settlement is called as Urban. Other countries have their own criteria. For eg . In Italy it is 50% Classification Of Human Settlements Based On Location Towns & cities all over the world have certain advantages of site and location, which have enabled them to grow. The size of a town is its topographical location. For instance, Lagos (Nigerian city) sited on a marshy island that is almost surrounded by lagoon with an outlet to the sea. Its situation is its position in relation to the rest of the region. Lagos is situated ( or positioned)at the sea end of a rich agricultural region producing cocoa, palm and kernels, ground nuts,cotton and hides and skins. Several factors favoured the location and growth of cities and towns in a particular area. Settlements On Hills Coastal Settlements Forest Settlements Desert Settlements Settlements Along Rivers

40. 4. Classification based on ekistics Evolutionary Phases: The evolution of human settlements can be divided into five major phases: 1. Primitive non-organised human settlements (started with the evolution of man.) 2. Primitive organised settlements ( the period of villages - eopolis - which lasted about 10,000 years.) 3. Static urban settlements or cities (polis - which lasted about 5,000-6,000 years.) 4. Dynamic urban settlements ( dynapolis - which lasted 200 - 400 years.) 5. The universal city ( ecumenopolis - which is now beginning. Man began to modify Nature and to settle temporarily or permanently in different location Fire - animal husbandry – domesticating grazing animals – deforestation – agriculture – permanent settlements. natural shelters – caves – trees - primitive unorganised habitat – dwelling units - boundary walls Settlement had no link beyond boundary walls and no transportation. Occupation – hunting, Agriculture and cattle breeding. Nucleus - built up part of human settlement, several parts lead out into the open, thinning out until they disappear. Nobody goes beyond certain limits of boundaries No physical lines connecting this primitive settlement with others; there are no networks between settlements. 1. Primitive human settlements - Non - organised settlements

41. 2. Primitive human settlements organised settlements Man twelve thousand years ago, began to enter the era of organised agriculture, his settlements also began to show some characteristics of organisation. Initial forms were circular, then other additional units placed along the periphery of the circular form, then elongated to elliptical form and finally ended in rectilinear forms. Rectilinear developed into grid iron pattern with no loss of spaces. Two courses in evolution of human settlements: Microscale - Man must divide the land, construct one or more shells (rooms and houses), and circulate within a built-up area (neighbourhood), the solution leads to a synthesis at a right angle. Macroscale - Man must own and use space but not build it, and circulate within it, although to a much lesser degree than before (usually non more than one movement to and from every day), man continues to follow the course of nature towards hexagonal patterns. Patterns of settlements differ depending on the phase of evolution and the prevailing conditions of safety. 5. Villages developed near river, hills, sea etc.

42. 3. Static Urban Settlements Or Cities 5,000 or 6,000 years ago, the first urban settlement appeared as small cities in a plain or as fortresses on hills and mountains. Man realised that a single-nucleus was not always valid in the internal organisation of the total shells of the community. As community grows single nodal point was not sufficient. Expansion of the nucleus in one or more directions happened. Example: Settlement of Messene, in ancient Greece. Central nucleus expanded in two ways: 1. linear form along a main street - contained shops clustered in the central agora 2. decentralisation of some functions, such as temples - additional nodal points and central places gradually came into being within the shells of the settlements - a phenomenon that is unique to human settlements. 4. Dynamic Urban Settlements Started in the seventeenth century, may last for another 100 or 200 years until we reach the next phase that of the universal settlement. Settlements in space are characterised by continuous growth. Hence problems are continuously intensified. New problems continuously created. Dynamic settlements - created as a result of an industrial technological revolution. The evils of yesterday which are being multiplied today in a very dangerous manner. Dynamic settlement completely different other category of settlements is a real threat to humanity itself. Eg . Detroit, london etc

43. Example: London smog - atmospheric pollution may be so severe as to account for 4,000 deaths in a single week of intense "fog". Hydrocarbons, lead, carcinogenic agents, deteriorating conditions of atmospheric electricity -- all of these represent retrogressive processes introduced and supported by man. First dynamic urban settlement: The early dynapolis - the city with a parabolic uni -directional growth, which can expand in space, and time. The settlements expands in all directions, instead of spreading only along the railway lines creating new islands of dependent settlements around railway stations, as during the phase of the early Dynapolis . The city is breaking its walls and spreading into the countryside in a disorgnised manner. Eg . The Agra Dynapolis The second dynamic urban settlement: Metropolis / Dynametropolis – Comprises of several other urban and rural settlements of the surrounding area. The few metropolises from the past became static following a period of dynamic growth, then declined and died. Eg . City of Rome. Dynametropolis , continuing its course towards becoming a megalopolis. The development of human settlements up to 100 sq.km. Scale The Third dynamic urban settlement: Megalopolis I Dynamegalopolis - The area on a large scale including more than one metropolis and many other urban settlements and it cannot be static. A megalopolis is a metropolis on a much larger scale. The development of human settlements up to 1,000sq.km Scale

44. 5. The Universal Human Settlement : Ecumenopolis Whether dynamic settlements are simple ( Dynapolis ), or composite (metropolises and megalopolises), they have been growing continuously during the last centuries. Ultimately the whole Earth will be covered by one human settlement. The population explosion, will be definitely be the most decisive factor in the next phase of human settlements. The cities of the future - extra-human in dimension Whole earth will be covered by one human settlement. Ecumenopolis on the earth in the year 2120 is expected that the population of the earth will have leveled off at a minimum of 20,000,000,000 people, and the population of urban areas at a minimum of 18,000,000,000 people

45. 5. Classification by Ekistics by factors and Disciplines:

46. Cause for the decay Three big events are responsible for these changes. An unprecedented increase of population The socialization encompassing all political systems and social classes The emergence of the machine in our lives Future?? - Death of Cities – A case of an Urban Square

47. THANK YOU….. 49