Your big idea- RESEARCHING MADE EASY (1).pptx

This PPT shows how to bring your ideas from the ground level to the highest. It shows students the rules of academic writing. It shows how students should approach the five chapters to research.

1. Research Skill -From Ideas to Impact A guide by Ms. Esther Barnes

2. What are the objectives of research? • To explore issues or problems •To generate new knowledge •To establish or confirm facts •To test hypotheses or theories

3. A GOOD INTRODUCTION(Second rule) This is usually used in social science 1 st step- describe the problem, why are we having this conversation now, what is the debate now? 2 nd step- state and explain the hypothesis. This can take two different paragraph and give evidences for the hypothesis. State the Gap 3 rd step – your winning idea

4. •The literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of the existing scholarly research and theoretical perspectives related to. This chapter aims to critically evaluate prior studies , identify gaps in the literature, and establish a framework for the current study. Tip Tip: A good literature review is not just a summary — it’s an analysis. Show what is already known, highlight what is missing, and position your study as the bridge that connects the two.

5. STEPS •Initial search •Strip method- copy the citations and paste it on word document •Copy the main ideas, what they found and what they suggest for future studies •Construct your conceptual framework •PEER system -Start developing your paragraphs by using the POINT EVIDENCE EXPLANATION REPEATING POINT(PEER) •Conclusion(summarize, limitations and make a suggestion) and introduction(why are we having this conversation now, gaps)

6. METHODOLOGY •This chapter outlines the research design, methods, and procedures used to address the research questions or hypotheses presented in Chapter One. It explains how data was collected, analyzed, and interpreted, ensuring transparency and reproducibility.

7. Step 1 Explain your methodological approach :What was your research question and what type of data did you use(quantitative or qualitative)

8. STEP 2 • Describe methods of data collection: the sampling method or criteria, tools, procedures and materials, how you measured your variables

9. STEP 3- Describe you method of analysis: how you processed and analyzed your data- quantitative method Analysis Before conducting the analysis, the dataset was reviewed for incomplete entries and abnormal values. To identify anomalies, the interquartile range (IQR) method was applied , and all observations falling beyond 1.5 times the IQR were treated as outliers (Tukey 1977). The cleaned data were analyzed using R statistical software. An ANOVA test was then performed to examine differences across the study groups.

10. Describe you method of analysis: how you processed and analyzed your data- qualitative method • Methodological Approach The research aimed to address the question: “How does climate change influence food consumption patterns in the study area?” To answer this, a qualitative approach was employed, as the study focused on exploring perceptions, experiences, and underlying reasons for changes in dietary habits. Data were collected through interviews and open-ended questionnaires, providing detailed narratives that enabled in-depth analysis of themes and patterns rather than numerical comparisons.

11. Step 4 evaluate and justify your methodological choices, limitations and strength To assess how climate change influences food consumption patterns in the study area, a mixed-method approach combining surveys and interviews was employed. This method was selected to capture quantitative trends and qualitative insights, ensuring a comprehensive understanding. Its strength lies in triangulation, which improves validity by merging statistical data with lived experiences. However, limitations include potential self-reporting bias and the cross-sectional nature of the study, which may not reflect seasonal variations. Despite these constraints, the methodology is justified as it aligns with the research objective of evaluating both patterns and motivations behind dietary changes under climate-related pressures.

12. Strategies of determining sample size Using a Census for Small Populations - For small populations, every element in the population may be used in the study. This eliminates sampling error and provides data on all the individuals or elements in the population. Using a Sample Size of a Similar Study - Another approach is to use the same sample size as those of studies similar to yours. However, while using this method, you may run the risk of repeating errors that were made in determining the sample size for another study.

13. (CONTINUED) 3. Using an Internet Sample Size Calculator – This method utilizes online tools that help determine the appropriate sample size. One such site is: • https://www.calculator.net/sample-size-calculator.html?type=1&cl=95&ci=5&pp=50&ps=500&x=46&y=10 Tip When using an online sample size calculator, always double-check that you’ve correctly entered your confidence level, margin of error, population size, and expected response distribution. These inputs directly affect the accuracy of your sample size estimate.

14. STRATEGIES OF DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE (CONTINUED) 4. Using Published Tables - These tables are designed similarly to internet calculators and provide recommended sample sizes based on specific criteria. Two commonly used tables are: •a) Krejcie and Morgan Table (1970) - Refer to the next slide for an example. b) Glenn (1992) •These tables serve as quick references for determining appropriate sample sizes for research studies.

15. STRATEGIES OF DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE (CONTINUED) 5• Using Mathematical Formulae – Commonly used mathematical formulae in social science research include Yamane (1967) and Cohen (1992) Statistical Power Formula . •Below is a demonstration of the Yamane Formula :

16. SAMPLING • Probability Sampling- Random- Systematic, Stratified (Proportionate, Disproportionate, Optimum allocation), Multistage, Cluster, Multiple/double • Non-Probability Sampling -Quota, Purposive, Incidental/Accidental, Judgment Tip • When choosing between probability and non-probability sampling, consider your research goal: use probability sampling for generalizable, unbiased results and non-probability sampling when working with specific groups or limited resources .