Your-paragraph-text_20240807_004144_0000-2.pptx

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1. Presented By: Vincent Roy Cantones TITLE: THE SCHOOL AS AN ORGANIZATION Chapter II

2. 10 12 INTRODUCTION The School as an Organization SCHOOL- CONSIDERED AS ONE OF THE MAJOR INSTITUTIONS THAT CONSTITUTE SOCIETY A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT AGES, EARN AND ACQUIRE EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN DIFFERENT GRADE OR YEAR LEVELS. -ESTABLISHED AND ORGANIZED TO PURSUE A COLLECTIVE GOAL AND MEET SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES. 09

3. ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES ORGANIZATION: IS BASICALLY AN ASSEMBLY OF PEOPLE WORKING TOGETHER TO ACHIEVE COMMON OBJECTIVE THROUGH DIVISION OF LABOR The Establishment of an organization became popular and has significantly influenced the human activities in all parts of the world. It is evident in the say how the current government and private organizations are structured including the system on how people function to achieve a specific goal. Kashyap (n.d) According to Kashyap: Ever since the dawn of civilization, people always formed organizations to combine effort for accomplishment of their common goal. McNamara: Define organization as group of people intentionally organized to accomplish an overall, common goal or set goals which have major subsystems that functions with other subsystem in order to achieve the overall goal of the organization.

4. - Declaration of school objectives. - Importance in planning and decision-making. VISION, MISSION, GOALS, AND OBJECTIVES (VMGOS)

5. Taylor’s Scientific Management Approach Frederick Winslow Taylor’s contribution. Focus on scientific analyses and experiments to improve efficiency. TAYLOR’S SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT APPROACH; Taylor’s 4 Principles Science, not rule of thumb. Scientific selection and training of workers. Management and labor cooperation. Scientific training of workers. Productivity improvement benefits. Reduction of physical stress and anxiety. Development of worker capabilities. Elimination of the traditional 'boss' concept. TAYLOR'S; MANAGEMENT APPROACH,PRINCEPLES, AND CONCEPTS, TAYLOR’S 4 PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT; TAYLOR’S CONCEPTS FOR INCREASING TRUST;

6. Fayol’s Administrative Approach; - Bottom-up hierarchical pyramid structure. Lagaard ( 2006)- Contrary to Taylor’s scientific approach which is categorized as bottom up approach. Van ( 2009)- Emphasized that Fayol laid the first foundation for modern scientific managementin the early 1900 which serve as guidelines for decision making and management actions. FAYOL’S ADMINISTRATIVE APPROACH

7. FAYOLS' 14 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT 05 1. [Division of Work] – tasks are divided among employees according to their field of expertise or specialization. 2. [Authority and Responsibility] – management has the authority to give orders to subordinates, which comes with corresponding responsibility. 3. [Discipline] – core values anchored on the vision and mission of an organization form good conduct, which is essential to the successful operation of the organization. 4. [Unity of Command] – all orders should come from one manager only to avoid confusion among employees. 5. [Unity of Direction] – ensures that all actions are properly coordinated, requiring employees to perform and carry out activities as one team leading to the same objectives. 6. [Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest] – the interests of the organization should take precedence over individual interests 7. [Remuneration] – fair compensation for work done to ensure employee satisfaction and motivation.

8. 8. [Centralization] – the degree to which decision-making is concentrated at the top levels of management. 9. [Scalar Chain] – a clear line of authority from the top to the bottom of the organization, often depicted as a chain of command. 10. [Order] – a place for everything and everyone, ensuring efficient and organized working conditions. 11. [Equity] – fair treatment for all employees, fostering loyalty and devotion from personnel. 12. [Stability of Tenure of Personnel] – long-term employment stability leads to better performance and loyalty among employees. 13. [Initiative] – encouraging employees to take initiative and be innovative within their roles. 14. [Esprit de Corps] – promoting team spirit and unity among employees to build a harmonious and cooperative working environment. FAYOL'S 14 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

9. Mulder (2017)- “Weber believed that the most efficient way to set up an organization is through bureaucracy which is way better than the traditional structure. Bureaucracy is anorganizational structure that is characterized by many rules, standardized process, procedures and requirements, number of desks, meticulous division of labor and responsibility, clear hierarchies and professional, almost impersonal interaction between employees” WEBER'S BUREAUCRATIC APPROACH Max Weber- Father of Sociology. Believed that the most efficient way to set up an organization is through bureaucracy which is way better that the traditional structure. Mulder (2017) and Lagaard (2006). Highlighted the three types of power that can be found in the organization based on Weber’s Bureaucratic model.

10. 1. Traditional Authority- is based on historically created legitimacy where authority is hereditary and based on dependent subordinates. 2. Legal, rule-oriented authority – the bureaucratic type of authority, based on normative rules for career, hierarchy etc. 3. Charismatic Authority- the personal authority, based on a type of seduction hence, the devotion of supporters WEBER’S AND LAGAARD BUREAUCRATIC MODEL.

11. • ALL REGULAR ACTIVITIES WITHIN A BUREAUCRACY CAN BE REGARDED AS OFFICIAL DUTIES; • Management has the authority to impose rules; • and Rules can be easily respected on the basis of established methods. In Addition Mulder (2017) - Basis for the systematic formation of any organization and is designed to ensure efficiency and economic effectiveness which is an ideal model for management and administration’s power structure into focus. MULDER ( 2017) ELEMENTS THE SUPPORT FAYOL’S BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT:

12. SALIENT FEATURES OF MAX WEBER’S BUREAUCRATIC THEORY HIGHLIGHTED BY MULDER (2017) 3. 1. Task specialization – sometimes called the division of labor where in individual tasks are divided into separate jobs which allows to manage tasks easily. In a school setting, teachers for example are usually assigned with teaching loads based on their area of expertise while other functions that are administrative in nature are assigned to non-teaching academic personnel. Hierarchy of authority – Managers are organized into hierarchical layers, where each layer of management is responsible for its staff and overall performance. In bureaucratic organizational structures like the educational system, there are many hierarchical positions from top management to lower level. The top level has the greatest power to control the lower level while the bottom layer are always subject to supervision and control of the higher levels. 2. Formal selection – All employees are selected on the basis of technical skills and competencies, which have been acquired through training, education and experience and are paid accordingly. In the Department of Education, formal selection process is being followed using an established set of standards and requirements are applied. Education and training backgrounds are the primary requirement in school setting when applying for a position including performance evaluation based on existing standards is also required for promotion and remuneration.

13. 4. SALIENT FEATURES OF MAX WEBER’S BUREAUCRATIC THEORY HIGHLIGHTED BY MULDER (2017) Rules and Requirements – Formal rules and requirements are required to ensure uniformity, so that employees know exactly what is expected of them. In a bureaucratic form of organization like the education institutions, the operation is governed by specific policies, standards, and guidelines which can be in a form of a memo or an order. It serves as a guide for the members of the organization to follow. 5. Impersonal – Regulations and clear requirements create distant and impersonal relationships between employees, with the additional advantage of preventing nepotism or involvement from outsiders or politics. Decisions must be based on rational factors rather than personal factors. 6. Career orientation – Employees of a bureaucratic organization are selected on the basis of their expertise. This helps in the deployment of the right people in the right positions and thereby optimally utilizing human capital. Professional growth and career development is encouraged to support employees to become experts in their own field and significantly improve their performance.

14. THE WORKS OF TAYLOR, WEBER AND FAYOL ARE SOME OF THE MANY THEORIES THAT HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONS, AND WHICH ALSO BECAME THE FOUNDATION OF OTHER SUCCEEDING ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES THAT ARE BEING ADOPTED BY MANY ORGANIZATIONS.

15. THAT'S ALL, THANK YOU!! 🥳